Organisational Climate Essay - 1531 Words

Organisational climate and job satisfaction are separate, but related constructs and both affect the understanding of the working environment and employee level of job satisfaction. Purpose of this essay is to explain the relationship between organisational climate and job satisfaction to determine the perception of the employees working environment influence whether their level of satisfaction. Organisational climate is a relatively enduring quality of the internal environment of an organization that (a) is experienced by its members, (b) influences their behavior, and (c) can be described in terms of the values of a particular set of characteristics (or attributes) of the organization (Mullins, 2013). Organisational climate in†¦show more content†¦Organisational climate and job satisfaction are interrelated constructs (Al-Shamarri, 1992; Keuter, Byrne, Voell and Larson, 2000). Organisational climate is focused on organisational/institutional attributes in the perception of members of the organisation, while satisfaction with work addresses perceptions and attitudes that people have to show their work. Organisational climate is an important component that has significant implications for understanding of human behavior on organisations. There are many studies on the relationship between organisational climate and job satisfaction. In a review of studies investigating the organisational climate and job satisfaction, Peek (2003) found that organisational climate that exhibits characteristics such as a high degree of autonomy, provides an opportunity for employees to have a constructive relationship, showing interest and concern for their employee, recognizing the achievements of staff and conduct of employees in high regard result in more satisfied employees. Lawler (1976) explains that internal rewards can satisfy the need of a higher order, such as a sense of duty and achievement and satisfaction, using their skills and abilities. Robbins, Odendaal and Roodt (2003) indicate that internal factors like stroke, promotion, recognition, responsibility and achievement related to job sati sfaction. Job satisfaction can be measured in two ways, on the verge of approach orShow MoreRelatedThe Structure Of Supply Chains1324 Words   |  6 PagesClimate change, in 21st century, is an increasingly alarming issue and its negatively far-reaching effects on humanity can no longer denied. In terms of businesses, enterprises must seal their ultimate goal – maximising profit – with environmental protection because â€Å"consumers concern about global climate change within the context of sustainable consumption† (Newman et al. 2012, p. 511). The structures of supply chains, specifically, are believably one of the most vulnerable to environmental changesRead MoreThe Effects of Ethical Climates on Bullying Behaviour in the Workplace13824 Words   |  56 PagesJournal of Business Ethics (2009) 86:273–295 DOI 10.1007/s10551-008-9847-4 Ó Springer 2008 The Effects of Ethical Climates on Bullying Behaviour in the Workplace  ¨ Fusun Bulutlar  ¨  ¨ Ela Unler Oz ABSTRACT. Various aspects of the relationship between ethical climate types and organizational commitment have been examined, although a relationship with the concept of bullying, which may be very detrimental to an organization, has not attracted significant attention. This study contributesRead MoreObjectives Of Implementing The Vision1133 Words   |  5 Pagesyou should give good examples for each! Goals: To gradually progress to a low or zero carbon economy to mitigate the effects of drastic climate change. 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The Communist Manifesto, by Karl Marx - 864 Words

Marx’s ideals of communism were drawn from the realization that the cycle of revolutions caused by the class struggles throughout history lead society nowhere. Society as a whole was more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes that were directly facing each other—bourgeoisie and proletariat. According to Marx, in order for society to further itself a mass proletarian revolution would have to occur. The bourgeois, who were the employers and owners of the means of production, composed the majority of the modern capitalists. It was these individuals that controlled the capitalist society by exploiting the labor provided by the proletariats. For example, the bourgeoisie make property into a right†¦show more content†¦Such a large employee workforce was no longer needed, but man was not completely replaced. The machines still needed to be operated which left many people with continued employment, only the addition of competi tion was added to the mix. However, the means of production were still present and that continued to let the bourgeoisie remain in power which Marx viewed as injustice of exploitation. Marx views capitalism in a multitude of ways, one of which was the theme of injustice of exploitation. The capitalist system is grounded, independently of this or that political economy, on the unpaid surplus labor of workers, giving rise to, through â€Å"surplus value,† all forms of rent and profit. The extreme manifestations of this social injustice are the exploitation of children, miserable wages, inhuman working hours, and the sordid conditions of working class life. To the bourgeoisie, the family was merely another factor of production. The bourgeoisie viewed his wife as property to be exploited. They viewed their children to be property and factors of production. Seeing as how labor was the proletariat’s only resource, Marx says, â€Å"Children transformed into simple articles of commerce and instruments of labor.† Marx was no proponent of abolition of the family. He was, however, in favor of removing the negative stigmas placed on the labor and gender rolesShow MoreRelatedKarl Marx And The Communist Manifesto1044 Words   |  5 Pagesworld was forever changed when Karl Marx published The Communist Manifesto, the ideas of a stateless and classless society would inspire many, and forge the path that many nations would follow, and give rise to numerous conflicts throughout the 20th century. Karl Marx was born in Trier, Germany on May 5th 1818. During his early years he studied philosophy and law, in 1834 Marx had moved to Paris and had adopted a radical view of socialism known as communism. 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Importance of Operations Management For an Organisation

Questions: Task 1- Importance of operations management for an organisation- Operations functions of furniture manufacturer- Operations management explanation of Furniture Company through process model- Three Es-Economy, Efficiency, Effectiveness- Tension between cost minimization and quality maximization- Evaluation of the significance of the five performance objectives cost; dependability; flexibility; quality and speedTask 2- Linear programming and evaluation of critical path analysis and network planning- Design and discuss possible layouts for producing furniture and clearly define operational outcomes- Network plan and resultant critical path for sofa making process of Furniture Company- Identify approaches can be used for project management and quality control in sales, stock or purchases process Answers: Introduction In every business organisation, operations management and strategic planning are two critical elements which are closely associated with each other (Stevenson Hojati, 2007). Operations management can be defined as an area of management which if focused on aspects such as overseeing, designing, and controlling the process of production and redesigning various business operations in the production of goods and services (Krajewski Ritzman, 1999). Role of operations has major importance when it comes to manufacturing based organisation, where production of some product takes place. In such context, operations can also be defined as a coordination of various activities which are part of the production process (Voss et al, 2002, pp.195-219). Operational managements core aim is to ensure that in the end of the production cycle output should be such that it should have certain value for the customer (McCutcheon Meredith, 1993, pp.239-256). Purpose of this task is to understand the concept of operations management and its association with strategic planning. Based on the case study, relevant analysis will be done to organize a typical production process and relevant techniques to the production of an operational plan will be discussed. Task 1 Report for Task 1 is based on the example of a furniture supply company which provides finished goods to the leading furniture retailers. As part of their review process, company is reviewing its management of operations, so that it can further improve efficiency and effectiveness of the business. Importance of operations management for an organisation For an organisation operations management can enable it to achieve several objectives (Slack et al, 2010). These objectives however can be categorized into two categories: Customer service: The first aspect which reveals importance of operations management is the fact, that operations management helps an organisation to effectively utilize its resources, in order to fulfill requirements of the customer. Due to this reason, customer servicing becomes a key objective of the operations management. In terms of cost incurred, and time lapsed to deliver the product to the end customer, operations management plays an important role in deciding these two aspects (Heizer et al, 2004). For example if the furniture manufacturer company cannot fulfill demand of its retailers for making a cupboard of certain quality which is in demand, then its blame can be partially shifted towards the inefficiency in the process of operations management. Hence, often it has been said that providing right thing at a right cost and at right time is the key focus of the operations management, which helps the organisation in improving the customer service aspect. Various aspects related to customer service is displayed in below table: Figure 1: Aspects related to customer service Resource utilization: Operations management is also important for an organisation because it helps in effective utilization of resources (Gaither, 1987). Even though customer servicing is important, but judicious utilization of resources available with the organisation is equally important as well. Hence, operations management helps in obtaining maximum effect from the resources or minimizing the loss or waste of resources. It is also important to understand that improvement in any of the objective often impacts the other objective in negative sense, hence it is important to ensure that the organisation tries to achieve the balance between the two objectives. Operations functions of furniture manufacturer Within an organisation there can be numerous operations functions. In this case the organisation under analysis is a furniture manufacturing company. Before identifying the operations functions for the furniture manufacturer, it is important to understand that the core functions remains the same across manufacturing industry (Russell Taylor, 1998). Hence whether it is manufacturing of an automobile or manufacturing of a furniture the core concept of operations management will remain same. Below displayed image represents the overall process of operations management and various functions involved in it. Figure 2: Overview of the operations management It can be clearly seen that operation management is one part of the entire production system. Hence, core elements of the operations management are: Operations strategy Design Planning and control Improvement Hence, in case of the furniture manufacturing company following are the core functions: The marketing (including sales) function: this function is responsible for communication of organisations furniture products to the retailer which helps in creation of customer requests for the product (Krajewski et al, 2007). The product/service development function: In the furniture company, this function is responsible for creation of new or modified products, so that future customer request can be generated, and existing customer requirements can be fulfilled (Chase, 2012). The operations function: Operations function is responsible for fulfillment of customer request for service by production and delivery of furniture to the retailers. Hence, a typical operational activities for the furniture company will be: Purchase of raw material such as wood and fabric Hiring laborers, workers Finalizing the design of the furniture product Purchase of tools and equipment required for the production Supplying the finished goods to the end retailer Hence it can be said that for a furniture company, there are multiple functions which are responsible for production of the final good delivered to the retailer. Operations management explanation of Furniture Company through process model Operations management of the furniture company can be explained through input-transformation-output process model. For the furniture company, its operation will be focused on changing inputs to outputs. The process of conversion of input to output in operations management can be understood through transformation process model, which is displayed below: Figure 3: Transformation process model In operations management, input, process and output derived from it differs from one industry to another (Aquilano et al, 1991). In this case, where Furniture Company is being considered, then the primary input in form of material will be wood along with other raw material such as polish, fabric etc. Hence following are the elements of input for the furniture company: Input: In terms of input materials such as wood will be required. Since the operation is focused on transforming the raw material into physical product, hence material will be the core input. For example, for manufacturing of a wooden cupboard, process will involve input of wood (or metal), polish, customer requirement etc. Transformation process: Once the input is received and there is clear understanding about the desired output, transformation process begins. As part of the transformation process Furniture Company will create the desired furniture (in this case a cupboard) as per the customer specification. Output: Once the transformation process ends, a tangible product having some specific market or customer value is created (Stuart et al, 2002). Product created can be then shipped to the retailers for the selling process, often there are several organisation consider logistics as part of the operations management, but it is important to understand that logistics or shipping of the final product is part of the larger supply chain which the organisation is managing. As part of the process model for the Furniture Company, the product which will be produced towards the end of the process model will be tangible in nature. However, in generic sense it can be said that output from most types of operational process model is a mixture of goods and services, which completely depends on the fact that in which industry the organisation exists (Evans, 1997). For example output in a petrochemical based company will be different when compared to an organisation in furniture industry. Three Es-Economy, Efficiency, Effectiveness In operations of an organisation, determination of what to measure is a key issue for performance measurement. In this context, transformation model can be taken as a baseline for classification of performance measures (Schonberger Knod, 1994). Hence, there are three types of measure which can be identified dependent upon the point in the process that they provide information. These measures are also known as Three Es-economy, efficiency and effectiveness. Economy: Measure of economy helps in determination of the cost associated with the goods and services which are required as inputs for the process of operation (Fitzsimmons Fitzsimmons, 2006). There might be a misunderstanding that procuring the input material at the lowest possible cost is the most logical option for an organisation like Furniture Company. However this thought might not be correct in all the scenarios. Objective of purchasing activities and its measure as performance depends on other three factors such as quality, quantity and timing of the purchase (Chase Aquilano, 1989). Hence, for example if the furniture company decides to procure raw material in form of wood at high cost then current market price in a dull market season then obviously it is not wise decision, because high input cost will ultimately impact the final price of the product, and with low customer season retailers might find it hard to sell the high priced products. Efficiency: Measure of efficiency is a straightforward measure. It helps in analyzing the performance on the basis of input utilization and the final product produced (Thomas Griffin. 1996, pp. 1-15). For example if the furniture is able to develop two cupboards in 1 day with $500, whereas its closest competitor is manufacturing same cupboards in same number and same time but at cost of $350 then definitely furniture company has efficiency related issues in its operational process. In a way this measure of efficiency helps the organisation to fine tune its operational process so that it can achieve optimum utilization of its resources, and achieve efficiency (Heizer et al, 2014, pp.438-450). Effectiveness: Measure of effectiveness measures the fact that, to what extent the product which has been developed as part of the transformational process has been able to meet customer expectation. Hence, if Furniture Company manufactures an iron cupboard with loose fittings, then end customer will never accept the product due to its poor quality, which means that all the input in terms of time and material gone into manufacturing of that iron cupboard will be going waste. One approach is to measure levels of customer satisfaction directly, for example, through customer satisfaction surveys. It might also be possible to use indirect measures of customer satisfaction, perhaps based on sales figures such as market share (Rotaru et al, 2014). Tension between cost minimization and quality maximization In operations, there is constant focus on cost minimization of the transformation process and maximization of product quality. In an ideal operational process an organisation will always seek least possible input cost, with highest possible quality of the product to be manufactured. However, this idealistic condition is never achievable in real life scenario. In a cutting edge competitive environment, organisations are continuously trying to find ways through which they can reduce the cost of operations, but it is necessary to understand that in real life it has been seen the in order to achieve a high quality product, high quality raw material is required which comes at a high cost. For example, if the furniture company decides to build a cupboard with high grade iron, then it becomes obvious that cost of high grade iron will be much higher as compared to the normal iron used for the manufacturing. In such situation for the manufacturer there will be constant pressure on achieving c ost minimization and quality maximization, which will be hard to achieve. In attempt to minimize the cost, at times manufacturer of the product might have severe negative impact on the quality of the final product. Achieving the balance between the two factors has become one of the major challenges for the organisations today. That is why organisation continuously focuses on strengthening their supplier network so that they are able to get cost optimization in their raw material required to produce a product. Evaluation of the significance of the five performance objectives cost; dependability; flexibility; quality and speed In operations five performance objectives cost, dependability, flexibility; quality and speed holds the key to success for any organisation. Dependability: As a performance objective, dependability factor helps in setting a baseline for the product in terms of its quality, which means that after production, how dependable a product will be. For example, furniture company famous for its wooden cupboard among retailers due to the fact that, the wooden cupboards it produces comes with a manufacturer warranty of 2 years, and majority of them do not have any issue in these two years, this aspect reflects the dependability aspect of the product and also highlights high performance of the organisation. Flexibility: In operations management, the process of operation such as production or transformation from input to output should be flexible in nature. For example, if there is an urgent order of 10 wooden cupboard to be manufactured through an assembly line which is made for table production, then true performance in terms of flexibility can be measured by the fact that how flexible is organisation in changing its operational procedures to adapt the sudden change (Slack et al, 2013). Quality: as mentioned in above sections also, quality is one of the most critical parameter through which performance can be judged. For example, finished product like cupboard might have various parameters on which its quality might be judged. These parameters might be like finishing of the product, its sturdiness, longevity etc. Speed: performance measure of speed is often related to the time which is taken to produce a product. Hence, if to manufacture a table it takes, 1 day for the furniture company; whereas its competitor takes 12 hours then definitely Furniture Company has performance issues with speed of its operational processes. Hence, overall it can be said that operational management is a critical part of the business. It has major impact the strategic planning of the organisation. For example with focus on operations, organisation will be able to identify the input required for producing a product which meets the customer requirement, also since operations management has impact on the customer satisfaction, hence it becomes important during the strategy preparation to focus upon various elements associated with the operations management. Task 2 Linear programming and evaluation of critical path analysis and network planning It has been often seen in the operations management that there are complex situation which can be modeled by linear functions. However linear programming in operations management is used to obtain optimal solution to problems that involve restrictions or limitations such as: Materials Budgets Labor Machine time Hence, linear programming (LP) techniques consists of sequences of various steps through which it is possible to reach to an optimal solution to the problem, in a situation where optimum exists. It can be said that goal of LP is model is focused towards either maximization or minimization. Hence in a LP model following are the critical elements: Decision variables Feasible solution space Constraints Parameters In operations management Critical Path Analysis (CPA) has an important role to play. It is a project management tool that helps in identifying all the individual activities and processes that makes up the larger project. CPA helps in identification of the order in which each activity has to be taken up. It reflects that which activity can be only taken up once the activity preceding it is completed. Critical path helps in identification of the path or route in the production cycle which has no spare time in any of the activities and can be mentioned as the most efficient path to complete the production. Hence network planning can be defined as the process of identifying the network through which an entire production will take place. Design and discuss possible layouts for producing furniture and clearly define operational outcomes. Figure 4: Design of possible layouts for producing furniture and clearly define operational Above figure represents a possible layout for producing the furniture. This layout represents the process to manufacture a sofa. Hence if observed carefully then there are five sub processes which will complete the manufacturing of entire product. These processes are: Back cushion process Seat cushion process Arms process Seat process Back process Hence when all the above processes are completed, these individual parts are bolted together, and complete furniture is made. In this process it is important to understand that every part of the main product is being manufactured separately. Such layout planning helps in better customization and efficiency as each production process is dedicated for manufacturing of certain specific item only. Network plan and resultant critical path for sofa making process of Furniture Company Activity Activity detail Time A Make wooden arms and legs 3 days B Make wooden back 1 C Make wooden base 2 D Cut foam for back and base 1 E Make covers 3 F Fit covers 3 G Put everything together 1 In above example, it is important to note following points: Firstly B Must be after C A must be after B and C D must be after B and C E must be after D F must be after E G must be after A, B, C, D, E and F Hence based on above information, following is the result for the critical path Critical path length (equals total project duration): = 11.000 Tasks on the critical path (6 tasks): Task Name Start Time End Time Make wooden base 0 2 Make wooden back 2 3 Cut foam for back and base 3 4 Make covers 4 7 Fit covers 7 10 Put everything together 10 11 Task scheduling details (7 tasks total, 14.000 cumulative duration): Task Name Min Start Time Slack Make wooden arms and legs 3 4 Make wooden back 2 0 Make wooden base 0 0 Cut foam for back and base 3 0 Make covers 4 0 Fit covers 7 0 Put everything together 10 0 Figure 5: Network diagram Identify approaches can be used for project management and quality control in sales, stock or purchases process There are multiple approaches which can be used for project management quality control in sales, stock and purchase process. Sales: In sales process, focus should be on ensuring a minimum credit limit for the customer. This will ensure that there are no long pending dues on the retailers. Furniture Company should focus on only those retailers who are able to complete the sales process and complete the payment for the received product in time. Purchase Stock: For stock, Furniture Company should focus on Just in Time (JIT) approach. Which means that it has to stock only those items which are already demanded or will be demanded in recent future. Which means, rather than manufacturing the products in anticipation from market and piling up the inventory, Furniture Companys operational process should be flexible enough to manufacture on demand. This will help in reducing any wastage on unsold product due to poor demand. Overall, it can be said that management approach should be focused on close integration of sales, purchase and stock processes. These processes are integral to the production cycle of a product. Hence, having tight control on these processes is essential to achieve high efficiency. Also, by following approaches like JIT, Furniture Company will be able to regularize its supply of raw material, and in turn giving stability to the purchase process. Conclusion Based on above analysis, it is clear, that operations management is a complex process which consists of various functions in an organisation. When it comes to strategic planning, operations management has critical role in it. Functions of operations defined above helps the organisation to anticipate the demand, procure the raw material and accordingly manufacture the products. In a way, operations management lays the foundation of entire business strategy, on the basis of which organisation goes into the market with its product or services. References Aquilano, N. J., Chase, R. B., Davis, M. M. 1991. Fundamentals of operations management. Homewood: Irwin. Chase, J. 2012. Operations management. Tata McGraw-Hill. Chase, R. B., Aquilano, N. J. 1989. Production and operations management: A life cycle approach (pp. 748-848). Homewood, IL: Irwin. Evans, J. R. 1997. Production/operations management: Quality, performance, and value. St Paul, MN: West Publishing Company. Fitzsimmons, J. A., Fitzsimmons, M. J. 2006. Service management: operations, strategy, and information technology. New York: McGraw-Hill. Gaither, N. 1987. Production and operations management: A problem-solving and decision-making approach. Dryden Press. Heizer, J. H., Griffin, P., Render, B. 2014. Operations Management. Supply-chain management, 434(436), 438-450. Heizer, J. H., Render, B., Weiss, H. J. 2004. Operations management (Vol. 8). Pearson Prentice Hall. Krajewski, L. J., Ritzman, L. P. 1999. Operations management. Reading, MA ua: Addison Wesley. Krajewski, L. J., Ritzman, L. P., Malhotra, M. K. 2007. Operations management: processes and value chains. McCutcheon, D. M., Meredith, J. R. 1993. Conducting case study research in operations management. Journal of Operations Management, 11(3), 239-256. Rotaru, K., Churilov, L., Flitman, A. 2014. Can critical realism enable a journey from description to understanding in operations and supply chain management?. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 19(2), 117-125. Russell, R. S., Taylor, B. W. 1998. Operations management: Focusing on quality and competitiveness. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Schonberger, R. J., Knod, E. M. 1994. Operations management: Continuous improvement. Slack, N., Brandon-Jones, A., Johnston, R. 2013. Operations management. Pearson. Slack, N., Chambers, S., Johnston, R. 2010. Operations management. Pearson Education. Stevenson, W. J., Hojati, M. 2007. Operations management (Vol. 8). Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Stuart, I., McCutcheon, D., Handfield, R., McLachlin, R., Samson, D. 2002. Effective case research in operations management: a process perspective. Journal of Operations Management, 20(5), 419-433. Thomas, D. J., Griffin, P. M. 1996. Coordinated supply chain management. European journal of operational research, 94(1), 1-15. Voss, C., Tsikriktsis, N., Frohlich, M. 2002. Case research in operations management. International journal of operations production management, 22(2), 195-219.

The Arctic Essay Example For Students

The Arctic Essay The Artic is a region at the upper most tipof the Northern Hemisphere. The Artic includes the areaaround Greenland, USSR, Canada and Alaska. Much of theArtic circle is permanently frozen ice. The Artic is a pristineenvironment, clean and void of human interference. Howeveras humans move into these areas and begin to extract whatever they can be balance can be tipped, resulting in pollutionand destruction of the environment. Climate. The Articwinters much longer than the Summer. In the winter the sunnever rises and in the summer it never sets. The averagetemperature for the Artic is zero degrees of less. Industryand the Artic. There was once a time when the land of theArtic Circle was considered useless and only hospitable tothose native to it. However once vast quantities of oil andfish had been found there was a rush of interest in the land. We will write a custom essay on The Arctic specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Fishing in the Artic has occurred for thousands of years butin recent years man has been fishing the Artic; in greaternumbers and taking more fish. Professional fishermen aretaking all kinds of fish as well as whales and seals. In someareas fishermen have become so efficient at their job thatquotas have needed to be put on to limit or stop the captureof certain animals. There are many mineral deposits withinthe Artic Circle. In Russia: nickel, iron ore, apatite,diamonds, gold, tin, coal, mica, and tungsten. In Sweden:iron ore. In Greenland: lead, zinc, molybdenum and cryolite. Spitsbergen: coal. Canada: uranium, copper, nickel, lead,zinc, tungsten and iron ore. The digging out of mineralswould inevitably disturb the natural habitat as well as theenvironment there would be a great cost to maintain the site. Industry that is designed to process various minerals havewaste products that would be most unwelcome in the Artic. A good example of this is the pollution that has arisen as aresult of the smelting of metals in the Artic. It is for thisreason that there is very little industry in the Artic. HoweverRussia, Canada, Greenland and Iceland have several smallscale manufacturing plants. The largest industry in the Artic isoil. The rush began in 1968 when a large oil field wasdiscovered, there was a great deal of protest but thedevelopment went ahead. Oil extracted from the felid makesits way to Port Valdez via a 1300 kilometre pipeline. Although steps were taken to limit the pipelines affect on theenvironment it still disrupts the migration of caribou. In 1989the unthinkable happened and the super tanker ExxonValdez ran aground spilling millions of gallons of crude oilinto the Prince William Sound. The effects of the slick weredevastating. Within a week workers counted 24000 deadsea birds and 1000 sea otters. The effects of the slick werefelt throughout the food chain from photoplankton to bears. The Exxon company funded the clean up but there was nocompensation for the hundreds of people that lost their jobas a result of the slick. Pollution of the Artic A large threat tothe Artic is transboundry pollution and bioaccumulation. These are both complex subjects but are easily explained. Transboundry pollution is the pollution of the Artic fromother countries. The ocean currents and wind conditionsresult in large amounts of pollution being deposited in theArtic. In winter when the sun is low thick blankets of hazecan be seen over the Artic. Bioaccumulation is the processwhere pollutants build up in the Artic because they cannot bebroken down due to the extreme cold. Once harshchemicals find their way into the food chain they stay thereforever, trapped in the animals and sediments. A result ofincreased pollutants in the atmosphere is the occurrence ofacid rain. Sulphur and Nitrogen dioxides drift fromdeveloped countries and when they mix with water in theatmosphere they can produce acid rain as strong as lemonjuice. The acid snow melts in summer and spring producingan acid shock that can kill animals and plants alike. In 1986the nuclear reactor in Chernoybl exploded sending a nuclearcloud into the atmosphere that among other placescontaminated plants and animals in th e Artic region. .ucfc402c888bd6dbdfd8a68ff711101d6 , .ucfc402c888bd6dbdfd8a68ff711101d6 .postImageUrl , .ucfc402c888bd6dbdfd8a68ff711101d6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucfc402c888bd6dbdfd8a68ff711101d6 , .ucfc402c888bd6dbdfd8a68ff711101d6:hover , .ucfc402c888bd6dbdfd8a68ff711101d6:visited , .ucfc402c888bd6dbdfd8a68ff711101d6:active { border:0!important; } .ucfc402c888bd6dbdfd8a68ff711101d6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucfc402c888bd6dbdfd8a68ff711101d6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucfc402c888bd6dbdfd8a68ff711101d6:active , .ucfc402c888bd6dbdfd8a68ff711101d6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucfc402c888bd6dbdfd8a68ff711101d6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucfc402c888bd6dbdfd8a68ff711101d6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucfc402c888bd6dbdfd8a68ff711101d6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucfc402c888bd6dbdfd8a68ff711101d6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucfc402c888bd6dbdfd8a68ff711101d6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucfc402c888bd6dbdfd8a68ff711101d6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucfc402c888bd6dbdfd8a68ff711101d6 .ucfc402c888bd6dbdfd8a68ff711101d6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucfc402c888bd6dbdfd8a68ff711101d6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The ecological self EssayParticularly affected were lichens, lichens are a plant thatmakes up the majority of a reindeers diet. When thereindeers ate the lichens they became radioactive and manythousands had to be shot. Tourism vs conservation. In thebattle between tourism and conservation, tourism seems toalways win. However in the Artic tourism has so far had littleeffect (compared to other human

College Essay Topic #1 7 Essay Tips for Writing a College Application Essay About Your Grandmother

College Essay Topic #1 7 Essay Tips for Writing a College Application Essay About Your Grandmother One of the most popular topics for the college application essay is â€Å"My grandmother.†Ã‚   If you are planning to write an essay about your grandmother, you have a challenge ahead of you. How will you make your essay stand out amongst all the other grandmother essays? How will you make the admissions committee remember your essay and not just yawn over it? Here are some essential tips to write a college application essay about grandma: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Focus on you, not on your grandmother.  Ã‚   When you wrote your first grade school essay about grandma, it was all about grandma.   Now its gotta be all about you. Write about your experience, your thoughts, and your opinions as they relate to your grandmother. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If you find you have written more than one sentence in a row that is all about your grandmother instead of about you, add the word â€Å"I† or â€Å"me† to at least one of the sentences! 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Use very specific examples of conversations you had with your grandmother.   That way you can’t possibly write the same essay someone else has written. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Know your starting point and ending point, and show growth. Perhaps your grandma used to give you help and advice, and now that you are older you have become her advisor.   Perhaps you used to judge certain things as negative that you now see as positive.   Or maybe you didn’t understand something as a young child that you now understand. Any growth or changes of perspective are great to write about. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Keep it real.   Although a certain amount of description is necessary, if you get overly flowery with your language you’ll lose the reader’s attention. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Consider writing about an object or activity that is related to your grandmother, but isn’t directly your grandmother. For instance, let’s say your grandma was a gardener.   You could write about an aspect of gardening as your theme, so your grandmother would be part of the essay but not the sole focus.   Grandma may have taught you about gardening and you may have used some of those lessons in other parts of your life.   Your essay would then be about gardening as a metaphor. 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Want to write about grandpa instead?   He’s less popular but the same principles apply. For examples of successful college essays, The Essay Expert recommends Accepted!   50 Successful College Admissions Essays by Gen and Kelly Tanabe. Still not sure how to write a great college application essay about your grandma (or grandpa)?   Contact The Essay Expert for a FREE 15 minute consultation.

Gentle and Genteel

Gentle and Genteel Gentle and Genteel Gentle and Genteel By Maeve Maddox The doublets gentle and genteel illustrate the way words from the same Latin original can change in meaning in the course of centuries. Both words come from Latin gens, race or clan by way of one of its forms, gentilis, meaning of the same family or clan. In Roman culture nothing was more important than ones tribal origins. Family names like Julius and Cornelius indicated the clan (gens) to which one belonged. Gentle came into English from Old French gentil, high-born, noble. It was an adjective indicating social status. A person of gentle birth was one whod been born into the privileged classes. This original meaning is still present, at least for some speakers, in the word gentleman. A gentleman behaves in a certain way. He is courteous in speech and in behavior. He protects the weak and is kind and generous in his dealings with people of lesser status. He is educated. Over time, gentle came to refer to a way of behaving in a mild, non-violent manner. By extension, the adjective can be applied to non-human entities: a gentle hint, gentle punishment, a gentle horse, a gentle voice. Genteel came into English as a second borrowing from French, this time with the meaning of nice, graceful, pleasing. In modern usage genteel has a negative connotation. An excellent example of someone to whom the word applies is Hyacinth Bucket in the British comedy series Keeping Up Appearances. Poor Hyacinth goes to great lengths to give the impression of gentility, only to succeed in being comically genteel. In terms of language, a genteelism is a word or turn of phrase that a speaker thinks is more refined than the usual word or phrase: pugilist for boxer, expectorate for spit The incorrect use of I for me in such constructions as Give the book to Jane and I probably originated as a genteelism. It has been used so frequently on television, however, especially on soap operas, that many speakers simply parrot it, imagining that it must be correct because theyve heard it so often. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:70 Idioms with HeartOn Behalf Of vs. In Behalf OfA "Diploma" is not a "Degree"

Electric Cars Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Electric Cars - Research Paper Example The company has completed designing the car but wants to increase its output. A rise in output can only be afforded, if the company makes a commercial plan that would help to market the product and make it a leading vehicle in the current competitive industry. The context of this research paper would capture the various details about the product, industry, potential market applications, challengers, risks and path of commercialization that would be useful for the company to make its product acceptable in the market. Product Description An electric car is an eco friendly car that runs with the help of an electric motor or battery stored electrical energy. The electric motors in such cars help to generate torque, thereby giving smooth and strong acceleration to such modern vehicles. Such cars emit less air impurities because they do not discharge tailpipe pollutants. Some electric cars are also powered by solar energy or gasoline, these cars are known as solar and hybrid cars respectively (Westbrook, 2001). Prototype Status The research paper concentrates on a four seating electric car. The car is produced by a Canadian automobile company and its manufacturing division is in Ontario. The car fully runs with electricity and comprises of all the features that a modern car should contain. However, the car is required to be charged every time its cell energy diminishes. The company manufactures only 75 cars per month at present but the figure is expected to augment up to 200 cars per month by 2014. Intellectual Property Status The intellectual property rights are legal rights that are catered to the automobile firms for discovering a new design of a vehicle. Such rights ensure that the state of technology or blueprint newly invented by a company is not copied by any other firm in the industry. A trademark can only be used by a Canadian company according to the norms of Canada. Thus, it is obvious that the Canadian electric car manufacturing firm will possess a trademark that would protect its product from forgery (WIPO, 2013). Industry Analysis Definition of your industry The automobile industry is an industry that comprises a large pool of organizations and companies. Such companies are engaged in designing, selling, manufacturing, marketing and developing motor cycles, mopeds, towed vehicles and motor vehicles. It is a long established business segment since 1890’s. Working and Prospects of the Industry Automobile industry is considered as one of the most important ind ustry in the current global economic system in terms of revenue. The biggest strength of the industry is its diversity; there are infinite companies that participate in automobile manufacturing. The industry stands 3rd in the Fortune 500 list and

Reading journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Reading journal - Essay Example The government sees the covering of face using veil, mask, or any other such thing as a threat to national security. The author has raised two questions for this stance of French government. First question is that whether all French people wearing masks and helmets be punished or restricted the same way as in case of veils? Second question is that will the government force the Arab tourists to bare their faces? When these questions are there, why the government is creating such a fuss for a very less number of face covering women? The answers seem to be the cultural, historical, and political facts. In the French culture, conversations between strangers and eye contact hold a key place but Muslim women do not do this because of which the French values are at risk. Sartorial rejection of French values because of veils is another reason for the government to put a ban on face covering. The author sums up the article by stating the fact that France is a country where uncovered bodies, breasts, and buttocks are cheered and celebrated. Covering the face by veil does just opposite to that because of which the government cannot allow it in any case. The issues that the article summarized above raises for me or my classroom community are personal preference and culture. For example, if I am from a culture where covering the face is essential for a woman when she is in public, then what will I do when the government will not allow me to do so? Similarly, it can be my own choice to cover my face or not. Does not it go against the self-independence or self-freedom? Although such questions can rise in the mind of any person, but the issues associated with veils, such as, threat to security cannot be ignored. Female terrorists have been reported to be using veils and burkas while carrying out the terrorist attacks in different parts of the world. They can hide their identities using veils and can carry out any violent attempt on any one. This article by

Internet Censorship Essay Example for Free

Internet Censorship Essay ThÐ µ capacity of thÐ µ information supÐ µrhighway has Ð µxplodÐ µd in thÐ µ rÐ µcÐ µnt yÐ µars. It Ð µncompassÐ µs thÐ µ Ð µast and thÐ µ wÐ µst, thÐ µ land and thÐ µ sÐ µa, and anything our human mind could drÐ µam of. This is a good thing, right? With thÐ µ knowlÐ µdgÐ µ of thÐ µ world just on onÐ µÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s fingÐ µrtips, it must bÐ µ good, right? SurÐ µ, if it is usÐ µd thÐ µ right way. A saying goÐ µs likÐ µ this, â€Å"Too much of a good thing is bad. † It is truÐ µ. ThÐ µ IntÐ µrnÐ µt doÐ µs accommodatÐ µ a lot of information. In a way, it has too much information. The Internet contains certain information that we DON’T want minors to have access of. Some of these unwanted information might be pornography, gambling, and some sensitive issues like homosexuality. So what do we do about the stuff that we don’t minors to see? Do we just make some law and erase it from our precious Internet? No. First of all, this would be impossible to do because there is just too much unwanted information. Second of all, this would defeat the purpose of the Internet. In the article â€Å"The Online Cooperative Publishing Act,† it called the Internet â€Å"the manifestation of humankind’s quest for limitless two-way interaction with thought† (â€Å"Cooperative† internet). Since there is a vague line of what is appropriate and what isn’t, why should there be a straight-cut line of what things should be banned on the Internet. There should be a loose regulation on the content of the Internet that would encourage more interaction with this wonderful tool. Instead of the government dictating what minors should see, parents and teachers should be the ones stepping up and TEACHING minors what’s right and what’s wrong. To maximize the productivity of the Internet, there must be a balance of restriction and freedom. When that balance is reached, the Internet will fully flourish. â€Å"Why should we protect the Internet? Why should we protect all those pornographic websites? † you might ask. The Internet is a wonderful thing. Even the heads of our nation, the President and Vice President, believe that the Internet is a â€Å"powerful educational tool for our children† (â€Å"Family† internet). It should not be viewed as an evil thing. Its unique ability to link the world’s knowledge together fulfills any researcher’s dream. There is no more need to visit dozens of libraries to find everything one needs. Everything is at one’s fingertips. Without a doubt, little kids wouldn’t need the Internet to do research; they don’t have any research paper due. One mustn’t forget the Internet is not just for research academically. It could be used to research recreationally. One can research on topic of his interest. A teen male can research about cars. A mom can research on recipes. And a little kid can research on his favorite Disney character. Because of the Internet, a kid can do a lot more things kids before didn’t have the privilege of. A kid can know anything and everything around the world, and even out of this world, without leaving the comfort of his home. Anything, anything at all. If the Internet is censored, a large amount of these wonderful knowledge will not be accessible anymore. Although censorship does not mean a complete ban, there is no measure at the present that can effectively restrict access and still not block out good website. According to a study done by Electronic Privacy Information Center, the filtering programs block 95-99 percent of the material available on the Internet that might be of interest to young people (â€Å"Faulty† internet). I am not defending the protection of pornographic websites. Neither am I advocating an easier access to pornography. I just want to point out the fact that websites dedicated to pornography is only a very small percentage of the Internet. If we use the inefficient censorship products out there, we will miss out a lot of the goods that the Internet has to offer. The Supreme Court believes the same. When the Supreme Court struck down the Communication Decency Act in 1996, it found that â€Å"the interest in encouraging freedom of expression in a democratic society outweighs any theoretical but unproven benefit of censorship† (â€Å"Faulty† internet). So, should we sacrifice all the goods that the Internet could offer for those measly pornography websites? The Supreme Court shared the same vision for an uncensored Internet when it struck down the Communications Decency Act, a federal law that outlawed â€Å"indecent† communications online. In the ruling, it declared the Internet a free speech zone.

An Investigation of Software Piracy in China - Software Piracy Lacks E

An Investigation of Software Piracy in China - Software Piracy Lacks Ethical Merit â€Å"Well, sir, from the sound of it, you've got yourself some pirated software. I'm afraid there's nothing we can do to help you.† 1. BSA Statistics 30 1. Introduction Software piracy is a rampant global problem, according to the Seventh Annual Global Software Piracy Study by the Business Software Alliance. The rate of software piracy varies significantly across the world, though no country is without it. Vietnam was rated the largest trouble spot in 2001 with a whopping 94% piracy rate, with China and Indonesia not very far behind (at 92% and 88% respectively). During the early days of personal computing, software piracy was a small problem primarily limited to individuals trading computer games for personal use. Today, software piracy is no longer solely the domain of teenagers looking to get games for free; even legitimate organizations routinely use pirated software. In the following sections, this discussion will meander from identifying the problem of software piracy, what exactly software piracy means, the obstacles of enforcing copyright laws, the impact of software piracy and an analysis from different ethical vantage points. 1.1. The Problem Software piracy is the illegal duplication, distribution or use of software through one of the following methods:  ·"Soft-lifting"—installing software onto more than one computer without proper licensing  · Counterfeiting  · Hard disk loading—selling computers that are preloaded with illegal copies of software  · Rental  · OEM unbundling—selling software that is legally sold only when bundled with another package  · The Internet The main methods by which this activity is carried ... ...andard for China as well as the rest of the world. References 1 http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/constitution.billofrights.html 2 http://www.siia.net/piracy/copyright/risk.asp 3 http://www.most.gov.cn/English/Polocys/copyright_law.htm 4 http://global.bsa.org/usa/press/newsreleases/2003-05-01.1575.phtml 5 http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/agrm7_e.htm 6 http://www.salon.com/tech/feature/2002/09/26/piracy_unlimited/index1.html 7 http://www.wipo.org/edocs/notdocs/en/berne/treaty_berne_186.html 8 http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/feb2003/tc20030210_2338_tc058.htm 9 http://www1.chinadaily.com.cn/en/doc/2003-10/02/content_269098.htm 10 Seventh Annual BSA Global Software: Piracy Study, www.bsa.org/usa/policyres/admin/2002-06-10.130.pdf Appendix 1. BSA Statistics www.bsa.org/usa/policyres/admin/2002-06-10.130.pdf

Communication in Individual and Collectivist Societies Essay

How do people in â€Å"individualist† cultures behave differently to people in â€Å"collectivist† cultures? People in collectivist cultures: Each person is encouraged to be an active player or role in society, to function as a whole. The rights, as a whole, trump those of the individual. Rules promote unity, and selflessness. Working with others is considered the norm. Community strength is their main focus. People in individualistic cultures: They promote the â€Å"I† for identity. Strive for goals, initiative, esteem and achievement. Independence is valued, less motive to help others. Not relying on others is viewed as a norm. Doing things on your own, depending only on one’s self. As you were growing up, in what ways were you reared to be individualistic or collectivistic? Which orientation was the predominant cultural value of your family?  For what I can remember, as a child, I was raised to be more collectivistic but with a little bit of individualistic as well. Growing up with a large, caring and close family, it only came natural to me to fit into the collectivistic category. When you are young you are still learning therefor depend on others to gain knowledge and understanding to learn. One can only view themselves as collectivistic when it comes to being technical when viewing how you were raised. Also, I was involved in many friendship groups and multiple sports growing up. I had to learn from others how to play the sport, but once I grew in my skill of that sport, I then depended on myself to get better. So, both collectivistic and individualistic were used in upbringing. But as far as a predominant role, I would have to lean to collectivistic. Explain the connections between these two cultures with the dialectic approach. Which of the six dialectics is the most predominant in assisting  people in communicating more effectively in intercultural interactions? Provide examples to support your response. In this article, the two approaches that stood out to me were the cultural-individual and personal-contextual approaches. Seeing how there were several people in an argument from different cultures doesn’t surprise me there was conflict amongst them. Plus the context-personal played into each person differently and how they responded. And because of that, each person’s cultural background came into play.

Global Poverty Essay

Poverty is a serious issue that has been going on for centuries. Every day there are people who die due to hunger but there are solutions to reducing, and even stopping, poverty. Global poverty comes in an abundance of shapes and sizes. One of the main sources of poverty is the lack of investment in the future at all levels. The manufacturer outsources to China because he does not want to invest in long-term employees. The government does not want to invest in quality employees through education, infrastructure, health care, etc. The potential employee does not want to invest in his future through education or training, but would rather have immediate gratification of leisure. A second main source is the lack of certain basic government functions. The government needs to be able to provide stability, through laws and establishing property rights. Without these basic things, there is little incentive for the people to develop new products, or work hard, because it will just be taken a way by someone more powerful. I don’t think government is the solution to everything, but it is necessary for a few basic functions. Another main source of poverty (and economic inequality) is because we are very selfish and self-destructive. We are a species that cannot exist without soiling our own nest and devouring our own weak until we ourselves are devoured. We all want to have more stuff for the amount of wealth we have to give up. That means we all are demanding that someone generate more wealth for less than it is worth. Unfortunately, we are willing to take this to extremes. We are more than happy to see all of our neighbours lose their jobs in the mill next door because the super center gets the same item made by slave labour in China. The people at the top are merely making a profit on what we demand they do for us. Poverty hits children the most because they are our future generation and they need to grow up healthy and prosper but most children don’t have this advantage. They should have food and education so they can grow up and become something, push the world forward, but unfortunately those living in poverty don’t have the luxury of this. More than 80% of the population dies of hunger every single year and 22,000 of them are children. There are solutions to ending poverty but if we don’t stop it now it will only get worse. The percentage will double and there won’t be children to bring the world forward because they would have died due to poverty. The infant mortality rate will increase and so will the amount of homeless people.In the political sense there could be an increased risk of war as well as genocide and terrorism. There’s also the possibility of the population migrating to places that are doing economically better than their community. The reason inequality exists is because of the devaluing middle-class workers. No matter how hard they work and how many hours they work; almost all of the profit goes to the executives and shareholders. Until middle-class workers are at the same level as corporations, the income gap will keep widening. There’s also the fact that women get paid less than men in most work places. This just makes matters worse. Unemployment also plays a role because those who are unemployed aren’t making any money at all and the rate for unemployment just keeps rising. It’s these people who are being discriminated against when it comes to the working class and that’s why economic inequality exists and why it’s on the rise. A major effect economic inequality could have is the increase in unemployment. And if unemployment increases then the demand and supply will decrease, thus causing the economy to go down. If people lose their jobs they have no money to pay for certain goods and services and some might not even be able to afford putting food on the table. This will also increase poverty. A possible solution for poverty is getting rid of capitalism. We need to get rid of all forms of physical force being the win/lose system of government, taxation, income redistribut ion and regulation and central banking and have a society based on the division of labour, individual rights and private property. Also, it’s not education or income redistribution that will do it either. The level of invested capital per worker, both foreign and domestic, thus raising the productivity of labour in an unhampered free market government free capitalist system, Prior to the industrial revolution, 95 percent of children died before the age of 5, and since then the world’s population has exploded more than 10 fold. The Chinese economy since 1978 has grown 90 times since the introduction of † a freer more capitalistic market society,† Literally lifting 100’s of millions out of abject poverty and misery. Poverty can probably never be completely eliminated but this could be one possible solution. Another solution could be allowing free trade with these developing countries, and maybe even give them some trade protections for a short time while they develop their comparative advantage. You could probably argue who benefits from poverty from many different angles. I would  tend to say that no one benefits from poverty. Sure, if you can pay some people much less than the natural market rate to produce a good, some people will benefit by receiving some products at a lower price, but this actually isn’t all that beneficial. By paying these people less, they have less money to contribute back to society, so from an economic standpoint, I would say no one really benefits from poverty in the long run. If instead, all countries had free markets, the world would be better off. One more possible solution for ending poverty is helping each other out, especially those living in third world countries. Countries that are developed, like the US, spend all their money on war when they could be focusing on helping other countries out, even helping their poor communities. Children living in poor areas need a quality education. They need to go to school to gain knowledge and life skills and how to reach their full potential which will help them out in the long run. There needs to be new schools built and the barriers that are preventing children from going to school (especially girls) needs to be broken. Without the proper education, these countries won’t be able to improve their situation. Countries living in poverty also need health care and safe drinking water. If we can help provide these things for these countries they could eventually come out of the poverty because it’s hard to start a business or provide for a family when they’re busy looking for their next meal and some water. We can also help these countries by letting them come out of it themselves. We can lend them financial aid but having people from over here go over there to build the schools and hospitals only hurts the country. They need to be provided with jobs and they need to learn how to help because that is the only way they will get economically stronger. There needs to be access to food, water, health facilities, transportation, roads, education, daycare and many more infrastructures in each community to allow people in those communities to work effectively and productively. We have tried this in countries such as Africa and nothing came of it but that’s because we weren’t doing it right. We believed that we were helping them when, in fact, we’ve only made their situation worse. We need to be more conscious of what’s going on and how to help properly instead of trying to throw money around. We need to participate and push for change if we really want to make a difference and reduce poverty as well as economic inequality. It won’t be easy but it will definitely be worth it.

Equilibrium Constant of Electrochemical Cell Reaction

Equilibrium Constant of Electrochemical Cell Reaction The equilibrium constant of an electrochemical cells redox reaction can be calculated using the Nernst equation and the relationship between standard cell potential and free energy. This example problem shows how to find the equilibrium constant of a cells redox reaction. Problem The following two half-reactions are used to form an electrochemical cell:Oxidation:SO2(g) 2 H20(â„“) → SO4-(aq) 4 H(aq) 2 e-  Ã‚  E °ox -0.20 VReduction:Cr2O72-(aq) 14 H(aq) 6 e- → 2 Cr3(aq) 7 H2O(â„“)  Ã‚  E °red 1.33 VWhat is the equilibrium constant of the combined cell reaction at 25 C? Solution Step 1: Combine and balance the two half-reactions. The oxidation half-reaction produces 2 electrons and the reduction half-reaction needs 6 electrons. To balance the charge, the oxidation reaction must be multiplied by a factor of 3.3 SO2(g) 6 H20(â„“) → 3 SO4-(aq) 12 H(aq) 6 e- Cr2O72-(aq) 14 H(aq) 6 e- → 2 Cr3(aq) 7 H2O(â„“)3 SO2(g) Cr2O72-(aq) 2 H(aq) → 3 SO4-(aq) 2 Cr3(aq) H2O(â„“)By balancing the equation, we now know the total number of electrons exchanged in the reaction. This reaction exchanged six electrons. Step 2: Calculate the cell potential.This electrochemical cell EMF example problem shows how to calculate cell potential of a cell from standard reduction potentials.**E °cell E °ox E °redE °cell -0.20 V 1.33 VE °cell 1.13 VStep 3: Find the equilibrium constant, K.When a reaction is at equilibrium, the change in free energy is equal to zero. The change in free energy of an electrochemical cell is related to the cell potential of the equation:ΔG -nFEcellwhereΔG is the free energy of the reactionn is the number of moles of electrons exchanged in the reactionF is Faradays constant (96484.56 C/mol)E is the cell potential. The cell potential and free energy example shows how to calculate free energy of a redox reaction.If ΔG 0:, solve for Ecell0 -nFEcellEcell 0 VThis means, at equilibrium, the potential of the cell is zero. The reaction progresses forward and backward at the same rate, meaning there is no net electron flow. With no electron flow, there is no current and the potential is equal to zero.Now there is enough information known to use the Nernst equation to find the equilibrium constant.The Nernst equation is:Ecell E °cell - (RT/nF) x log10QwhereEcell is the cell potentialE °cell refers to standard cell potentialR is the gas constant (8.3145 J/mol ·K)T is the absolute temperaturen is the number of moles of electrons transferred by the cells reactionF is Faradays constant (96484.56 C/mol)Q is the reaction quotient**The Nernst equation example problem shows how to use the Nernst equation to calculate cell potential of a non-standard cell.**At equilibrium, the reaction quotient Q i s the equilibrium constant, K. This makes the equation:Ecell E °cell - (RT/nF) x log10KFrom above, we know the following:Ecell 0 VE °cell 1.13 VR 8.3145 J/mol ·KT 25 degC 298.15 KF 96484.56 C/moln 6 (six electrons are transferred in the reaction)Solve for K:0 1.13 V - [(8.3145 J/mol ·K x 298.15 K)/(6 x 96484.56 C/mol)]log10K-1.13 V - (0.004 V)log10Klog10K 282.5K 10282.5K 10282.5 100.5 x 10282K 3.16 x 10282Answer:The equilibrium constant of the cells redox reaction is 3.16 x 10282.

What Can You Expect on SAT Test Day A Complete Guide

What Can You Expect on SAT Test Day A Complete Guide SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips When test day’s just around the corner, what final steps can you take to feel prepared? This guide will go over exactly what happens on the day you take the SAT so that you don’t have any surprises. Read on to learn what will happen at your test center, along with an overview of the materials you need to bring. Finally, we’ll discuss some strategies you can use to deal with nerves and feel confident going into the SAT. To start, let’s discusswhat will happen when you arrive at your test center to take the SAT. SAT Test Day: Arrival What can you expect to happen between the time you get to your testing center and when you start in on your first section? First off, you’ll want to arrive at your testing center - probably your high school - between 7:30 and 7:45. The doors will open at 7:45 and close at 8:00 AM unless your admission ticket says otherwise. A closed door means no more entry, so arriving late is not an option. Once you enter the school or testing center, you’ll likely be greeted by a few helpers signing people in and directing students to their testing rooms. You’ll show your admission ticket and ID and then find your testing room. You may have to store your bag or jacket in a locker or other designated area; other testing centers simply let you put your things under your desk. Once everyone’s checked in and taken their seats, your test proctor will pass out your testing materials, like your SAT booklet and answer sheet, and begin to give instructions. You’ll spend some time filling out identifying information, like your name and contact details, as well as listening to instructions about timing and how to bubble in your answer sheet. Depending on how long it takes everyone to get settled, all of these preliminaries will take about 30 minutes to an hour. Arriving atyour testing room will likely be the easiest part of a challenging morning, but is there anything extra you can do to ensure an easy-going start to your day? Tips for Arrival Perhaps the most important thing you can do that Saturday morning is arrive on time. Getting to your testing center between 7:30 and 7:45 is ideal. Much earlier, and you might work yourself into a nervous wreck as you sit around in the parking lot. Any later, and you’ll be rushing in late or, worst case scenario, miss your test completely and have to reschedule. So how can you ensure a punctual arrival? First, set your alarm early enough to give yourself the time you need to get ready (and actually get up when it rings, rather than playing a game of chicken with your snooze button). Second, figure out how long it takes to get to your testing center and what the traffic situation is like around 7:00 AM. Hopefully, it will be smooth sailing on a Saturday morning. And third, make sure you’re confident about navigation, both in terms of how to get to your testing center and how to make your way around the building. Again, for most students, this should be easy, as they’ll be testing at their local high school. If you’re going somewhere unfamiliar, though, then you might do a test journey a few days before. Getting lost on the morning of the SAT is not a nightmare you want to experience! In addition to ensuring you get from point A (your home) to point B (your desk for the next 3 to 4 hours) smoothly, you should also make sure to listen to all your proctor’s instructions. Fill out your answer sheet correctly so there’s no delay with your scores. Don’t open your test booklet until told to do so. And, of course, make sure your cell phone is packed away and definitely turned off. After everyone’s seated and gotten through the first round of instructions, it’s finally time for the main feature: taking the SAT. What should you expect for the next few hours? The day of the bubble sheet is finally upon you. SAT Test Day: Taking the Test Finally, you’re ready for the main event - actually taking the SAT. There’s no exact start time for the test; instead, it depends on how long it takes for everyone to get settled and your proctor to get through instructions. That means that students will start in on their first sections between 8:30 AM and 9:00 AM. For simplicity’s sake, you might expect that you’ll start testing at 8:45. Your proctor should instruct you in everything, from when to open your test booklet to when to put down your pencils. Most proctors also give you a five or ten minute warning, usually writing on the board when your section’s almost over. Once you start testing, you’ll pretty much be focused in for the next three hours, or four with the essay, with just a few short breaks in between some of the sections. Here’s the exact structure to expect: Start with the 65-minute Reading section. You’ll get five passages with a total of 52 questions. Take a short break of 10minutes. You can stretch, drink water, have a snack, and use the restroom. You can’t use this time to check your cell phone or charge any electronics. Sit back down, and start in on the 35-minute Writing and Language section. After Writing, your proctor will instruct you to move onto the 25-minute Math No Calculator section. At the end of the Math No Calculator, you get a second, shorter break of five minutes.At the end of this break, get out your calculator for the next section. Get to work on your 55-minute Math section. For this section, you can use yourcalculator. At this point, you’ve been testing for three hours. It will be sometime between 11:40 and 12:10. If you’re not taking the essay section, then you’re all finished with the SAT! You’ll wait for the proctor to collect your test booklets and, when instructed, you’ll be free to go. If you are taking the essay section, then you’ll have a very short, two-minute break and then get started on this 50-minute section. After time has been called, then you’ll be all finished with the test. Tips for Taking the Test Assuming that you’ve already spent time prepping for the SAT, there are a few other things you can do as you’re taking the SAT to perform your best. Simply familiarizing yourself with its exact structure and format, for instance, will reduce any distracting surprises and help you know how to manage your time. You should listen to your proctor’s instructions, but ideally, they’ll just be a repeat of everything that you already know. Make sure that you only work on the designated section and don’t flip through the book. College Board is very strict with its guidelines; if a proctor sees you jumping ahead, then your scores could be completely canceled. I once worked with a student who flipped through the pages and ended up having her scores canceled. Since College Board isn’t very forthcoming with its communication, she didn’t actually know her test had been invalidated for a couple of months! Don’t let this happen to you. Another way you can make the most of your test-taking experience is to take advantage of your break times. Even though they’re short, they’re valuable opportunities to get up, move around, and re-energize. Just looking and moving around will reduce eye strain and get your blood flowing. Make sure to stay hydrated and eat a healthy snack to fuel all that mental exercise. Also, make sure to use one of the first two breaks if you need to use the restroom - you won't be allowedto leave the room between the second Math section and the Essay. Finally, make sure to be aware of your rights and speak up if your testing center doesn’t honor them. You’re entitled to a quiet testing space and two break times (or three with the essay). If there are issues, or you don’t get your breaks, speak up!The SAT is meant to compare students on an equal playing field, so testing conditions should be fair across the board. Once you’ve gotten through the hard part of actually taking the SAT,how is your test day going to conclude? It's almost time to celebrate... SAT Test Day: Finishing Up Your end time depends on whether or not you’re taking the essay section of the SAT. If you’re not, then you’ll be finished after three hours, sometime between 11:40 and 12:10. You’ll wait for your proctor to collect all materials and then be free to leave the room. If you are taking the 50-minute essay section, then you’ll have a short break after Math and be all finished around 1:00 PM. As with the students who already left, you’ll close up your test booklet and wait until your proctor collects everything. Once you’re given the green light, you can leave the testing center, turn your cell phone back on, and go home or out for ice cream sundaes. Your final step? Celebrating the fact that you finished the SAT! Tips for Finishing Up There are just a few things to keep in mind as you finish up your test. First, don’t leave until instructed to do so. College Board is stringent about test confidentiality, so you don’t want to encounter any issues. Make sure your proctor has collected all test materials and told everyone it’s time to go. On a similar note, you shouldn’t immediately start talking about the test with your friends. College Board prohibits discussing test questions and can cancel your scores if they heard that you publicized specific questions in person or online. These guidelines around confidentiality are another reason that you shouldn’t turn your cell phone on until you’ve left the testing center. If you’re not taking the essay section, make sure to respect those students who are still in testing mode. Quietly gather all your belongings and leave the testing center before you start cheering about having finished. When you are finally done, congratulate yourself on all your hard work! You should receive your scores online in about three weeks. Now that you know exactly how your morning will proceed on test day, let’s rewind to the days and weeks leading up to the test. To begin, what materials do you need to bring to the SAT? Pockets are your friend on SAT test day. What Do You Need to Bring to the SAT? There are a few essentials that you absolutely must bring to the SAT (hello, admission ticket), as well as some other items that could enhance your testing experience. These are the critical materials: printed admission ticket, acceptable photo ID, Number 2 pencils, a calculator, and an eraser. Additionally, you should bring a drink, along with some energy-boosting snacks. Some people like to bring a watch to keep track of time, but I wouldn’t necessarily recommend it, as there’s no way of knowing whether it matches up exactly with the clock the proctor will be using. If it helps you, go for it; if it’s distracting, then leave it home. Finally, you may want to bring a bag that will help keep everything organized. It’d be nice to know exactly where your calculator is, rather than having to rummage around in a black hole of apurse(story of my life) for the things you need. In addition to packing an organized bag, what else can you do to prepare everything you need for the SAT? Prepare Your Bag the Night Before With a 7:45 arrival, you’re looking at an early wake-up the morning of the SAT. I highly recommend getting everything packed and ready to go the night before. Make sure you’ve printed out at least one copy of your admission ticket - two is even better, just in case. Printers apparently have a built-in autodestruct feature if you try to use them right before an important deadline, so don’t wait to print out your ticket at the last minute. Calculators can also be unpredictable tricksters, so make sure that yours is in full working order and has a fresh battery with hours of life ahead of it. You might even bring a backup battery. You should place your calculator somewhere that’s easy for you toaccess between the No Calculator and Calculator math sections. As for drinks and snacks, opt for something wholesome and sustaining, like mixed nuts and fruit, over something that will just make your energy spike and then collapse. Think whole grains and protein, rather than sugar. Your brain’s actually using up a lot of energy answering all those grammar and math questions; fuel up just as you would for a work-out. Finally, don’t bring any prohibited technology or anything that makes sounds. Make sure your cell phone is off and out of sight by the time you enter the testing center. Apart from packing your bag with everything you need the day before, what else can you do to feel prepared for the SAT? How can you get in the right headspace for test day? How to Feel Confident for SAT Test Day Everyone feels nervous going into the SAT. It’s an important test day, and you’ve probably been experiencing weeks, if not months, of anticipation. While some adrenaline can actually help you focus and do well, too much stress could distract you from the tasks at hand - and just be unpleasant besides. So how can you achieve that sweet spot of focused but in control, aware of the high stakes and confident about achieving your goals? Read on for a few tips for staying in control so you can show up to the SAT feeling good. Let Yourself Relax the Day Before Rather than spending the day before your SAT with an all-day cram session, let yourself take a break and relax. You may spend an hour or two reviewing those last minute tricky concepts and strategies, but otherwise, you should trust that you’ve done everything you could at this point to prepare. Instead of over-studying, use the day before to let the work you’ve done sink into your consciousness. Spend your time taking care of yourself with activities that make you happy, like spending time in nature, journaling, listening to music, reading inspiring quotes, or hanging outwith friends (just not too late!). Choose activities that bring you peace of mind, as well as ones that reduce stress - like exercise. Fun fact: "power posing" for two minutes can change your body chemistry and enhance your confidence. So try doing your best Wonder Woman before the SAT! Establish an Exercise Routine It’s a well-supported factthat exercise reduces stress and enhances mental clarity. If you don’t already have a physical outlet, make it a priority to find one that suits you, whether it’s sports, walking, running, lifting, swimming, or yoga. Exercising for just half an hour about three to five times a week can significantly reduce anxiety. While exercising won’t completely eliminate nerves before the SAT, it will help reduce them, especially if you’re prone to test-taking anxiety. Plus, meeting physical goals can further fortify your confidence in your ability to overcome challenges.Even though you’re busy studying for the SAT and school, making the time to take care of your physical health will only improve your mental game. Exercise can also help you sleep better, a helpful side effect before you take this early morning test. Studies have shown that "blue light"is great during the day, but disastrous for sleeping. Dim the lights and step away from screens before bed to improve your sleep. MakeSleep a Priority Getting enough sleep is always important to our well-being, especially so before the intensive SAT. The night before, try to go to bed early. That means actually turning off the lights and trying to sleep, rather than inadvertently adding three extra hours of pre-sleep cell phone and laptop time. Of course, worrying about the SAT can make it hard to sleep that well. If you have a night of tossing and turning, you can still do well on the test and just crash afterward. Still, you can set the conditions for quality sleep by getting into a calm space Friday night. Step away from the cell phone, make some herbal tea, and even try turning off all sources of "blue light" in your room so you can sleep and wake up refreshed for your early morning alarm. Resist the Snooze Button What’s almost as stressful as the SAT? Running totally late in the mornings when you have to be somewhere important. As discussed above, you can’t be late for the SAT, as doors will close on you at 8:00 AM. Just as printing your admission ticket and packing your bags the day before will help you have a smooth morning, so too will leaving yourself enough time to get ready in the morning. You might leave yourself a checklist of everything you need to do, which hopefully is a short list comprised of getting dressed, brushing your teeth, and remembering your bag of pencils and snacks. Don't give into the temptation of the snooze button; just get up as soon as you can after your alarm goes off the first time. That way, you'll also have timefor the most important meal of the day. Grab a bananafor breakfast or a snack on SAT test day. Not only are they yummy, but studies have shown that bananas make peoplehappier! Eat a Nutritious Breakfast Exercise and sleep have a big effect on your mood and feelings, just like the food you put in your body. Processed and sugary foods, like muffins and tons of cereals, might give you an energy rush and then leave you feeling sluggish and hungry. Foods with protein and whole grains are a safer bet - eggs, whole wheat toast, oatmeal, vegetables, and fruits are all good options. If you’re someone who’s just not hungry that early in the morning, I still recommend trying to eat something, or at least bringing along enough snacks to recharge during your test breaks. You don’t want to be distracted by a grumbling stomach or, as discussed in the next point, an itchy wool sweater. Wear Comfortable Clothes and Layers Another way to take care of your physical state is to wear comfortable clothes and prepare for fluctuating temperatures in your classroom. By wearing layers, you can prepare for a room that’s too warm or too cold. Wear clothes that are comfortable - you’ll be sitting at a desk for three to four hours - and that make you feel confident. All of the above considerations - exercise, sleep, breakfast, clothes - will help you take care of your physical state and, indirectly, your mental and emotional state as well. You can also use mental strategies to boost your confidence and reduce stress before the test. For instance, don’t underestimate the power of â€Å"positive self-talk.† Think positive! Identify Negative Thoughts, and Replace Them with Positive Ones If you’re thinking the SAT is a scary, horrible test that will make or break your entire future, then it totally makes sense that worry and stress would immediately follow. Our thoughts and our feelings are inextricably linked. Even if we’re not consciously aware of a worry, we might still experience a nagging sense of anxiety because that concernis sitting in the back of our mind. If you’re stuck in negative thoughts about being a bad or slow test-taker, then these worries may act as self-fulfilling prophecies. But if you can reframe your negative thoughts in more positive and productive ways, then you may feel and, as a result, perform even better! Instead of ruminating about running out of time on the math section, for instance, think instead about all the ways that your prep has helped you improve. Instead of assuming that missing one Reading question means you tanked the entire section, think about how the next questions are opportunities to do better. If you can identify thoughts that cause you distress, you may be able to change unhelpfulthoughts patterns and, consequently, your feelings about taking the SAT. Let your inner dialogue sound like the words of encouragement you might give to your best friend. The nice, reassuring things you’d say to him or her are the same kind of pep talk you should give to yourself. Positive thinking may help you feel better, and feeling better may help you do better on the SAT. Be the tree! Embrace your growth mindset. Adopta Growth Mindset On a similar note, embracing a â€Å"growth mindset† (as termed by Carol Dweck in Mindset: The New Psychology of Success) throughout your SAT prep may help maximize your improvement. Rather than seeing your skills as fixed, and,therefore, unchangeable, you could embrace the idea that you can continuously learn and develop with effort and persistence. Maybe you didn’t understand quadratic equations when you started prepping, but you’ve mastered them now. Perhaps you kept running out of time on SAT Reading, but after trying out skimming strategies and taking numerous practice tests, you’ve gotten much faster and more efficient. By believing that you can improve and using failure as an opportunity to learn, rather than as a dead end, you can continuously grow and work towards your goals. This growth mindset will help if you encounter a difficult question or section or even if you decide to retake the SAT for a second or third time. Ultimately, you can achieve your SAT goals, along with your other academic and personal goals, by truly believing that you can and continuing to put forth your best effort, persistence, and preparation. What’s Next? Now you know what to expect on test day, but are you familiar with the exact structure of the test itself? Check out this guide for the start and end times of each section of the SAT, along with how many passages and questions you can expect to encounter in each. Have you registered for your test yet? These guides will help you choose your best test dates and figure out how many times you should take the SAT to reach your target scores. Are you interested in strategies for reducing stress and clearing your mind? Check out our article on mindfulness and how this practice can help improve your focus and sense of well-being. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've written a guide about the top five strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: